Gingivitis is a disease that affects only the gums (the tissue surrounding the teeth). Gum diseases are progressive and extend below the gum line, affecting the supporting tissues of the teeth and the bone, leading to periodontal disease. Gingivitis manifests as red, inflamed gums that bleed easily during brushing. Since gingivitis usually does not cause pain, most people do not seek the necessary treatment.
Periodontal disease occurs when gum diseases progress. The gum detaches from the teeth, leaving deep pockets where bacteria can grow and destroy the bone in which the teeth are anchored. The gums recede, leading to the appearance of longer teeth. Teeth become mobile, can fall out, or need to be extracted.
Canker sores are superficial wounds of the oral mucosa. They take the form of a painful ulcer, clearly delimited, white or occasionally yellow, surrounded by a reddish membrane. Small canker sores heal on their own within ten days, without leaving scars. However, they are very painful during this time, especially during chewing.
The causes of canker sores formation are poorly understood, although certain elements that favor their appearance have been identified, such as hereditary factors, certain foods (foods rich in histamine, such as moldy cheese, nuts, peanuts, chocolate, apricots, pineapples, strawberries, raspberries, lemon, etc.), physical trauma (biting the oral mucosa, dental appliances and prostheses, aggressive tooth brushing), certain medications, stress, hormones (menstrual cycle, pregnancy), or immunological phenomena. The frequency of oral canker sores is 42% on the gums and 32% on the cheeks, with the rest occurring on the tip of the tongue, lips, and palate.
Periodontitis, a very common dental disease, consists of affecting the tooth support system in the alveolus. The main cause is microbial and initially affects the gums, which swell due to the infection produced by the bacteria in the dental plaque at the base of the gums. From this level, the infection advances - irreversibly - towards the dental alveolus, affecting the tooth support apparatus. It becomes mobile and can fall out even if it is completely healthy, without any cavities. There is also a genetic predisposition to periodontitis. These individuals must have impeccable oral hygiene. Dental brushing is recommended at least twice a day, especially before bedtime, for 3-4 minutes, to remove food residues as thoroughly as possible and to allow the active ingredients in the toothpaste to act. Preventive dental check-ups should be done twice a year to remove tartar. Smoking and excessive consumption of sweets should be avoided.
Oral (oropharyngeal) candidiasis is an infection caused by fungi that develop in the mouth, tongue, and throat. Oral candidiasis is more common in newborns, infants, and the elderly but can occur at any other age. Candida, the fungus that causes oral candidiasis, is normally present in small amounts in the mouth and other mucous membranes of the body. Normally, it does not produce lesions. Under conditions of predisposing factors, the fungus multiplies excessively and uncontrolled, invading the surrounding tissues.
Factors that favor the appearance of candidiasis include: a deficient immune system (the body's ability to fight infections is impaired); hormonal changes during pregnancy; high blood glucose level; poor oral hygiene (especially in those with dentures); abuse of antibiotics. Those most prone to candidiasis are infants (because their immune system is not fully developed) and the elderly (due to weakened immune system).
Symptoms of oral candidiasis in adults are: burning sensation in the mouth and throat (usually these are early symptoms); adherent white patches on the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue (the tissue around these whitish deposits is red and painful, and if rubbed during tooth brushing, it may bleed); unpleasant taste or difficulty in tasting food.
In the vast majority of cases, toothaches are caused by irritations due to low temperatures, when the tooth enamel is superficially affected. These are short-lived, spontaneous, teeth are extremely sensitive to touch or to temperature changes, the tooth nerve is inflamed, creating discomfort, infections, and abscesses. In other cases, toothaches may occur due to drafts, air conditioning, if certain fillings are not well fixed.
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