Sinusitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the mucous membrane of the cranial sinuses. The sinuses are cavities within the maxilla and frontal bone, lined with mucous membrane similar to that of the nasal cavity. They communicate through small channels with the nasal passages. The names of the sinuses correspond to the bones in which they are located: maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses.
The role of the sinuses is to warm, filter, and humidify inspired air, as well as to act as a "resonance box" for sounds produced by the vocal cords. Sinusitis represents the inflammation of these sinus membranes. In the case of viral or bacterial infections manifested in the nasal mucosa, the sinus openings can become obstructed, preventing sinus secretions from draining. These secretions accumulate in the sinuses, creating conditions conducive to the development of microorganisms, leading to infection and pus formation. Clinically, patients feel the purulent collections in the sinuses as a sensation of pressure on the face. Sinusitis can be acute or chronic. In addition to this classification, sinusitis is also named according to the site of infection: frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinusitis.
Acute sinusitis, when properly treated, heals within three weeks and does not occur more than three times a year. Most commonly, acute sinusitis occurs following upper respiratory tract infections (especially colds). Other causes that can lead to sinusitis include nasal polyps, allergies (allergic rhinitis), deviated septum, and dental abscesses.
Chronic sinusitis represents the form of sinusitis that recurs several times, does not respond to treatment, and persists for over six weeks. In general, sinusitis becomes chronic after several acute episodes. Causes: the most common are repeated infections of the nasal mucosa, and not to be neglected are allergies of the nasal mucosa. In allergic diseases, repeated inflammation of the nasal mucosa and sinuses can lead to chronicity. Prolonged exposure to cold, active or passive smoking, prolonged inhalation of irritants, as well as anatomical changes leading to narrowing of the nasal cavity (which prevents sufficient drainage of mucous secretion - septal deviations or traumas leading to changes in the normal anatomical structure of the nasal cavities), polyps, or tumor formations, inhalation of cocaine (which eventually causes necrosis - cell death - of the nasal mucosa leading to permanent loss of sensory functions of the nose - loss of smell), weakened immune system (in various diseases that lead to decreased immunity - chronic infections, chronic hepatitis, HIV, cancers, etc. - can lead to chronic sinusitis.
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